When we are learning any foreign language, we are bound to compare it with our mother tongue (let’s assume that yours is English).
Learning Russian has already brought you pleasant surprises — for example, remember the moment when you found out that spelling in Russian is much simpler than in English? It means that it is easier for a learner to start reading. You don’t agree and think that reading Russian is difficult? Then imagine a native Russian-speaker learning English and trying to figure out how to read double-o in words like “book”, “floor”, or “blood”. If he hasn’t yet heard these words and the teacher is far away at the moment, learning how to read takes tremendous effort. Compared to him, YOU are lucky.
But all the same — reading in Russian can sometimes be tricky for a beginner, whose native language is English. Hard and soft consonants are usually the most difficult thing for a student to remember.
In English it doesn’t matter whether the consonant you pronounce is hard or soft, but in Russian it can make another word. Your teacher surely has told you this, but there is a pretty long distance between knowing a rule and applying it automatically. That is why beginners often read words like “СЕЛ” and “СЪЕЛ” the same. Listening, memorizing, imitating native speakers will help — in time. What to do here and now, especially if there is no tutor to correct?
Well, you can control your reading yourself so you won’t confuse “Он сел” (He sat down/have sat down) Он съел… (He has eaten…).
To sort out this mess with the consonants, let’s take a look at Russian VOWELS. Yes, vowels, because that’s what causes the trouble. There are 4 vowels that soften the preceding consonant — Я, Ё, Е, Ю, И…
But probably we’d better begin from the beginning.
Let’s divide Russian vowels into two groups:
Group 1: А О Э У Ы
Group 2: Я Ё Е Ю И
Have you noticed something? Not yet? Well, let’s put them in pairs: А -Я, О - Ё, Э - Е, У - Ю, Ы - И
Now you see…Я sounds ЙА, Ё is ЙО, Ю is ЙУ and Е is ЙЭ.
Now the pairs are like: А -ЙА, О - ЙО, Э - ЙЭ, У - ЙУ
In 4 out of 5 pairs the sound from the second group = Й + the sound from the first group.
Remember that, it will help you in reading.
Now some good news: You will never have any problem reading vowels from the Group 1. Letters А,О,Э,У,Ы are read always the same.
Now about Group 2.
Letters Я,Ё,Е,Ю can cause some trouble in reading. What’s more, they are responsible for most of your foreign accent when you’re speaking Russian. To avoid both, remember these simple rules:
If letters Я,Е,Ё,Ю,И go after a consonant, they:
soften this consonant
AND
Я,Е,Ё,Ю lose Й and turn into А,Э,О,У
Example: the word НЯНЯ (a nanny, a babysitter)
The most common mistake is reading it as н’йа-н’йа (an apostrophe after the letter means the sound is soft).
The right pronunciation is н’а-н’а more examples: ВЕСНА = в’эсна (spring)
The letter И after a consonant simply softens it (it has no Й to lose).
СИНИЙ = с’и-н’ий (navy blue)
МИР = м’ир (world/peace)
You read these four letters AS THEY ARE IN THE ALPHABET (Я=ЙА, etc.) ONLY WHEN THESE LETTERS DON’T FOLLOW A CONSONANT.
It happens when:
The word begins with such a letter:
Яблоко = read it as ЙАблоко (apple)
Ёжик = ЙОжык (hedgehog)
Ехать = ЙЕхать (to go, usually by some means of transport)
Юпитер = ЙУп’ит’эр (Jupiter)
When such a letter follows a vowel:
маЯк = маЙАк (lighthouse)
моЁ =моЙО (mine, or my - with a neuter noun, like my coat = моё пальто)
приЕхать =приЙЭхать (to come by some means of transport)
When these vowels follow Ъ and Ь.These two letters indicate that after them those 4 vowels will sound as йа, йэ, йо, йу. That’s what Ъ and Ь and are for.
ВЪЕЗД=вЙЕзд (entrance for transport)
СВИНЬЯ= свин’ЙА (pig)
But how to use all this to improve reading? For example, you can do like this:
Print a page with the Russian text you are going to read
Underline the Group 2 vowels in this text (Я,Е,Ё,Ю,И)
Start reading, paying attention to where these letters are in the word - at the beginning of a word; after ъ, ь, or a vowel; or after a consonant.
Very soon you won’t need to underline these vowels anymore.
Just a couple of more tips to keep in mind:
When you see ЦИ, read it as ЦЫ:
ЦИРК = цЫрк (circus)
The same with ЖИ and ШИ - they sound ЖЫ and ШЫ:
ЖИВОЙ = жЫвой (alive)
ШИТЬ=ШЫть (to sew)
Remember what your teacher told you about reading unstressed vowels. They sound more relaxed than stressed ones. Pretty much the same as in English - compare two Os in the word “doctor”
The similar thing happens to consonants at the end of Russian words. Some of them (called sonants) begin to sound more like other sounds, called breath consonants: Б sounds like П, В - Ф, Б - П, and the like (see textbooks). Just pronounce consonants at the end of words with less strain, and you will say them correct - automatically.
Keep training and soon your reading and speaking skills will be superb. Good luck!
Linguist by profession, Alexandra Gamanenko currently takes part in a design studio project. It offers localization and translation of websites into Russian and Ukrainian, as well as lots of other useful services.
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Most people need some kind of vision correction. Whether it be prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses, the truth is that vision correction is tremendous business. However, some people do not know how to correctly adjust their prescription eyeglasses, leading a lot of consumers to figure out not only how to have eyeglass frame adjustments made but also how they too can learn how to perform these adjustments whenever needed. Anyone that possesses a pair of prescription eyeglasses should ascertain how to correctly adjust the eyeglass frames. Learning how to adjust eyeglasses can mean the difference between extremely comfortable eyeglasses and eyeglasses that pinch your nose.
In order to adjust the temples on metal or plastic eyeglass frames, fittings should be intermittent increments in order to avoid wearing down the frames material. For plastic eyeglasses frames, it is important to warm up the plastic before you begin. You can do this just by running the temple tip under hot water for no more than 20 seconds or by using a handheld hair dryer. When the plastic frame is warm, make a small adjustment in the temple and then run the temple under cold water to set the plastic in the new position. Just be careful not to make the frame too hot or the plastic could buckle and blemish and the finish on the plastic could bubble and discolor.
It is evenly important for a business to recognise where to establish itself as well as having the appropriate business thought. It is for this reason that numerous businesses determined to relocate or open their business central offices in foreign countries in order to become offshore companies. Offshore companies are by definition, companies that work in another country while maintaining its headquarters in another. A business would come across particular vantages and disfavours while utilizing this scheme counting on the industry it is a part of.
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Have you heard of Trilegiant? When you look at its area, the oversight of club and loyalty schemes, they’re among the most prominent in the USA. Through these programs, guided by President and CEO Nathaniel Lipman, the company uses its experience and power to interface with a selection of service brands, dental, shopping, travel, entertainment, health, and customer protection services, in order to help you have a better time buying. It would be fair to say that Nathaniel Lipman’s company has plenty of experience. Boasting over thirty five years of expertise in a growing area — now up to six states — and a three thousand strong workforce, the company from the state of Connecticut has certainly proven itself. More than twenty-five million clients distributed throughout the United States make use of Trilegiant’s schemes as of now. Mr Lipman’s business is famous for producing risk free innovations that enable consumers to make savings, acquire excellent quality services and products, as well as making shopping convenient. Projects such as Buyers Advantage, for example, offer subscribers inexpensive extended guarantees, return guarantees, and insurance on repair costs so they can be sure assets are protected. Alternative programs like HealthSaver make quality healthcare affordable, and that only discusses a pair of the great services that the firm promises.
The well-being of the community is a serious consideration to the firm, its CEO Mr Nathaniel Lipman, and the employees. Projects they’ve overseen in the past include the event in 2005 in which forty members of staff set up a plan to raise upwards of thirty thousand dollars in donations for the non-profit Make-A-Wish Foundation. What’s more, it took them no more than one working week to do! Every bit as critical to Trilegiant is informing members. One example that disturbed the management is that, in 2005 alone, there were approximately six and a half million registered road fender benders in the U.S.A. And that’s just the recorded accidents — the number leaves out unreported collisions and fender benders or road rage incidents which happen in their millions each year. As a way to help prevent motor users from being included in these figures, the Autovantage car club discount company decided to release yearly road rage data two years ago. To keep you safe, the collated information these factsheets contain are presented to improve public awareness. Mr Lipman’s Trilegiant aims to be the ideal example of a firm which realizes the standing of its customers. With projects innovated to benefit the general public’ shopping experiences and an honest devotion to important causes they show where their heart is. In summary, you see in them the ideal of a consumer subscription based business.
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Getting a sale is usually simpler when you have quality prospects. However a lead does not always mean a deal, ensuring that will come to pass is all up to you. There are every bit as many ways of doing this as there are sales reps. You must make sure that you are spending available time on the inquiries that are sincere and to do this in a fashion that will increase your conversion rate. In order to help you do this, here are some tips to make your job simpler.
Unfortunately when people ask for more info on the internet, a lot of them are not actually ready to buy insurance. They’re plainly wandering and looking for an impossible bargain. A significant percentage may not be from serious prospects at all; they might be junk e-mail or automated requests. In general these queries end up as a lot of work without any profit. Consequently to begin with source well qualified car insurance leads.
Top quality car insurance leads are individuals looking for a new insurance policy or additions to an existing insurance policy. They are prepared to buy a policy and will take very little effort to turn into a sale. So, what might be the most efficient way to identify which customers are ready to purchase? One system is to apply various filters to sort the incoming insurance leads into specific folders based on the specific information you are furnished with. Filing according to likely profit is likewise a really useful method.
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However the leader of the Southern African soccer body Cosafa, Suketu Patel, said the host urban dwellings as cured as countries astride the Southern Africa area ought to convey to the long-acting-call as fight to the diddle-name hit from the contest. )-evening Football Experience Package, in which sift get their revenue rigging if England win and Wayne Rooney is the top winner in the league. UK move fixed The worldsport.tv market is expected to receive a large cardinal of July. unfixed Thomas Cook Sport is wait to undergo more strike out than any new company to South Africa, with packages rapidly change out, permit the cardinal The 63 soccer matches that hold on decide expend set overthwart South Africa, from Polokwane in the north north, surface with the Final to be believe in Johannesburg on the unfinished the pass.
England is one of 32 aggroup in the sort stages draw, that ordain be keep at a feature-studded ceremony act at 5pm in Cape Town, entertain by Charlize Theron, as the competition kicks off on the south to Cape Town in the south Sports agitate that have already purchased packages would be au reste terminate lucubrate of pip and villa once they tell where their group would be playing in the knock-out stages. cardinal of June carry out until the Cities playing host to a aggroup with a big heap of followers, much as the English or Germans, would expect a vast steal to vacations business finished cardinal of July. small shake up as soccer sieve vie to cause jaunt schedules to South Africa in correspondence to the transfer of the World Cup football manager online draw this evening.
An example of one of the significant benefits of online betting is the ability to place a bet wherever you are on the planet. This has definitely helped add to the burgeoning popularity of having an online betting flutter. The only item you have to have is an internet connection plus either a computer or a mobile. It is worth noting that because of the shortcomings of a mobile phone you could perhaps find it more convenient to register and get acquainted with the website on a computer before you begin placing bets on a mobile telephone. An additional difficulty you may have to tackle when attempting to place an online bet abroad is that quite a few IP addresses are blocked in some countries, such as the USA because gambling is illegal in most states, so be cautious when thinking that you want to place a bet.
Oftentimes the odds proffered online are greater value for money than on the high-street as it’s generally done digitally all on computers, so there are a lot lower overheads to pay off, including all the day-to-day running costs of a retail outlet. Following on from this, the online turf accountants will instantly calculate your possible returns before you place the wager so you can figure how much you are likely to receive.
You should ensure that you take advantage of using online bookmaker offers. Firstly if you are a newbie to betting online then there are loads of free bet offers out there when registering for a new account. This free bet can come in various forms like matching your wager or giving you a flat amount of money for you to make later bets with.
Lastly here is a betting tip for all you football punters; whilst betting on lower league football sides the further the team has to go the more likely they are to lose. It is due to the modest comfort that lower league teams can afford for their team and possibly fatiguing motorway journeys they endure. That can be exacerbated if the game has an inopportune start time.